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Kind of weird that they say it’s exact when even the representative image has fork/join points in the rings. Are we to believe that only one part of the tree aged for a few years now and then? Darn temporal anomalies growing on trees…
Within a particular core, the lines can be calibrated (set to a known base point) by radiocarbon dating, comparing to known marker events such as a fire, and also integrating records across trees to create stitched meta-records. Doing so they can also start to estimate the “instrumental” error of the tree itself, since trees can just stop growth entirely sometimes.